4. Conclusion

Since around 2015, circular economy strategies have developed strongly in all industrialized countries and in many emerging countries. Thus, national public policies have begun to implement the European Circular Economy Action Plan through more effective coordination of its various strategies.

Considerable progress is already being made by economic players in the production of more sustainable goods. The economy of functionality is also growing rapidly through eco-sharing initiatives. Responsible purchasing is developing through the circulation of second-life products and the right to repair.

Waste management is a key area for progress in the circular economy, with a number of obstacles to be overcome. These include rebound effects, which could lead not to the substitution of non-renewable resources by secondary materials, but rather to...