4. Study resources

Flash points of flammable liquids are determined using commercial devices such as the Pensky-Martens apparatus. There are a number of different devices, depending on the temperature range under consideration. Refrigerated devices are used to measure the flash point of volatile liquids. For regulatory purposes, flash point values obtained in closed cups are used, in accordance with ATEX or ASTM standards. In some respects, these two standards are not equivalent. In Europe, the ATEX standard applies.

The flammability limits and explosion characteristics P _max and maximum rate...