2. Organotin-based antifouling systems
Fouling is a natural phenomenon in which marine organisms colonize the hulls of ships and the submerged installations of port facilities.
This fouling phenomenon has been widely studied: macromolecules (polysaccharides, proteins, proteoglycans, etc.) present in seawater settle on surfaces, encouraging the establishment of bacteria, microalgae and fungi. These unicellular organisms in turn form a substrate that attracts protozoa, then fixed organisms such as molluscs and macroalgae. The warmer the water, the more rapid the colonization. Submerged parts of ships can quickly (less than 6 months) become covered with fouling, leading to fuel overconsumption (up to 40%) due to increased load and friction forces; this fouling is also responsible for coating corrosion.
The colonization of ship hulls can...
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Organotin-based antifouling systems
Physicochemical properties, toxic effects of TBT and regulatory implications
Bibliography
Standards and norms
- Water quality – Determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the luminescence of Vibrio fischeri (bioluminescent bacteria assay) – Part 3: method using freeze-dried bacteria (classification index: T90-320-3) - NF EN ISO 11348-3 - 02-99
- Soil quality – Determination of selected organotin compounds – Gas chromatography method - ISO 23161 - 2009
Regulations
Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (Official Journal L327 of 22/12/2000) – Annex VIII.
IMO, 2005, Antifouling Systems. International Convention on the control of harmful antifouling System on Ships. International Maritime Organization. London.
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ABOATOX (Finland) http://www.aboatox.com/
BIONEF (Paris, France) http://www.bionef.fr/index.html
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