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When a surface is immersed, a fouling phenomenon appears: spontaneous colonization by living organisms takes place. The impacts of the fouling development on submerged surfaces are negative. In order to limit it, "antifouling" paints have been used since the beginning of the 20th century. This work presents the strategies used in 2020. The first sections deals with the main mechanisms used in antifouling coatings, biocide-releasing coatings and fouling release coatings. The last sections will be about new strategies developed to limit environmental impact: hybrid and topographic coatings.
Insect cells are widely used to produce mature and active recombinant proteins. Associated with baculovirus vectors, they are particularly suitable for the production of recombinant vaccines for veterinary applications or humans. Due to the binary nature of this system, the development of production processes requires the integration and a fine adjustment of parameters relating firstly to the virus, and secondly to the cells.This article presents the different modules that make up the production system based on insect cells and baculovirus. The weaknesses identified and the major development-axes of this technology are also described.
Biological processes with suspended biomass of the activated sludge type are used for the treatment of urban or industrial wastewaters. These processes are generally based upon equations of "matter" assessments constructed on the hypothesis of a permanent regime. However, these systems are the subject of constant disturbances: high variation in pollutant load, discontinuity of certain operations. The dynamic analysis of the biological processes for wastewater treatment is thus essential in order to understand the real operating of units and optimize the dimensioning parameters.
There is currently an increasing need for fast and cost-effective analytical methods suitable for water pollutants monitoring and toxicological impact assessment. In this context, some techniques based on the specific properties of whole cells, enzymes, antibodies, DNA, biopolymers or materials of natural origin, appear as excellent alternatives or complementary techniques to classical chemical methods. This article will be more particularly focused on biosensors and biosorbents (principles, advantages and limitations, application to water quality assessment, new trends).
Biomass valorisation is at the heart of the energetic resources’ issues in the twenty-first century. Mainly regarding wet biomass, supercritical water gasification is an interesting process to produce a valuable energetic gas, due to its non-fossil origin. The operating conditions of supercritical water processes, the influence of the main conditions on the nature and conversion yield of this process are detailed in this paper. The most important laboratory pilots are presented, together with the first industrial developments.
The transition towards more sustainable food systems implies integrating solutions to environmental issues in agrifood sector. This paper presents an ecodesign approach that aims to improve environmental performance of food, bioproducts, bioprocesses and food processes while integrating their use quality. This approach is based on an iterative process involving environmental assessment, identification of ecodesign axes and the implementation of the more relevant and/or promising options. The approach is illustrated by the ecodesign of the stabilized lactic acid bacteria production system.
This article analyzes strategies for the detection and remediation of chlordecone, a pesticide once widely used in the French Antilles. It covers its history, examines its physicochemical properties, and assesses its health effects. Various decontamination techniques, such as microbial biodegradation, phytoremediation, and compost sequestration, are explored. The extraction and quantification of chlordecone in environmental and biological matrices, along with associated analytical methods, are presented. Finally, the article highlights the need for advances in extraction and detection to optimize decontamination treatments.
A biochip is a multiplex analysis tool of interaction between a probe fixed on a support and a target in solution. Various types of biochips have been developed since the 1990s: DNA, protein, peptide, sugar and cell biochips for various applications. Currently, the evolutions of laboratories on chips push the limits of miniaturization by integrating all the stages of an analysis, from the sample preparation to the analysis of results. The interest of biochips lies in their efficiency and speed of result acquisition as well as in the density of the information they contain.
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) represent a diverse group of prokaryotes that biomineralize unique organelles called magnetosomes allowing the cells to passively orientate in magnetic field lines. Magnetosomes consist of magnetic mineral crystals, composed of either magnetite or greigite, each surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer membrane. Bacterial magnetosomes have novel properties and also paleomagnetic significance and have been used in a large number of commercial and medical applications.
In this article, the theoretical aspects of the methanization of industrial effluents are first discussed, and the associated reaction processes detailed. The technological criteria for choosing a methanization process are then presented according to the characteristics of the effluent to be treated, together with the main operational difficulties related to the treatment of complex effluents. Some methanization technologies are described, with their respective advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the implementation of an industrial methanation unit is described. The sizing and the main choices are detailed, whether for the anaerobic reactor itself, for control, or for the valorization of the biogas produced. Examples from industry illustrate the different implementation options.
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