3. Environmental applications

In the environmental field, examples of commercialized biosensors are still relatively limited in number and restricted to the measurement of global effects (toxicity or biodegradability), despite a large number of publications on the subject and technologies sometimes presenting high levels of technological maturity (TRL). The proposed approaches focus on two metrological aspects:

• quantification of specific analytes (similar to physico-chemical approaches);

• or the measurement of effects such as toxicological impact.

Given...