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Microalgae-based biofacades are an original example of urban integration of an interesting plant biomass bioproduction. This article details the challenges of this integration, both for the host-building and for the microalgae culture. General design principles are presented, along with various implementation examples. The main performance and social acceptability criteria are then summarized. The article concludes with perspectives for innovation, demonstrating the value of creating thermal and chemical symbioses to reduce the energy consumption and environmental impact of buildings and microalgae production.
Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) extraction is a technique that uses supercritical CO₂ as a solvent to separate specific compounds from a raw material (solid or liquid).This article, devoted to scCO2 extraction applications on plant biomass, covers the fundamental principles of supercritical fluids. It provides keys to understanding the implementation of this technology (operating parameters, modeling, scaling). It then describes various examples of industrial applications (cosmetics, nutraceuticals, agri-food, flavors, perfumes).
Microalgae and cyanobacteria represent a promising bioresource for producing metabolites of interest for the development of safe and healthy food, renewable energies and sustainable industrial production. A number of strains have already reached maturity for industrial-scale cultivation. On the other hand, biorefining is still under development and is the subject of research by numerous teams around the world. This article summarizes the major biorefinery unit operations applied to wet microalgae and their potential integration.
Polyurethanes (PU) are widely used polymers due to their diverse properties, however they pose significant environmental, health, and recycling concerns. Given the toxicity of isocyanates, new approaches such as blocked isocyanates, water-based PU dispersions, and non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU) have been developed. Additionally, renewable raw materials are increasingly being considered to create more sustainable PUs. Recent advancements also focus on improving the recyclability of end-of-life PUs. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in PU synthesis, with an emphasis on replacing toxic isocyanates, reducing dependence on petroleum-based resources, adopting greener processes, and recycling methods.
The life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a comparative tool for environmental assessment of any human activity. The realization of an LCA takes place in four stages: goals definition, inventory of input and output, assessment of potential impacts on the environment and interpretation. The objective of this article is to present this tool in an exhaustive and synthetic way. This article first presents the LCA history. It then describes the main methodological steps. The last parts focus on its applications and limitations.
Stimulated by increasingly restrictive regulatory pressure, research activities about the replacement of toxic (organic) solvents continue to experience sustained development. Many alternatives have been proposed but the experts have to face a dual chemical and economic reality. Indeed, it is necessary to find a replacement solvent that matches both the expected properties and the cost of implementing the replacement solution. After reminding some definitions and the major trends in the field of green solvents, this article addresses some substitution strategies, before reviewing the main solutions of substitution.
This article aims at discussing the potential of wastewater treatment systems using microalgae by confronting the performances obtained on large scale systems with French requirements for irrigation or rejection in natural environment. Treated water and produced biomass valorization routes will also be described and confronted to other existing systems. Finally, the potential for adopting this technology will be evaluated in terms of sanitation performance and opportunities for valorizing the biomass but also in terms of energetic consumption and impact on greenhouse gases emissions in real conditions.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be used in many ways as a raw material or chemical reagent. The chemical conversion of CO2 used as a feedstock is achievable by different techniques: mineralization, organic synthesis, hydrogenation, dry reforming, electrolysis, thermolysis, etc. The products obtained have applications as energy products, chemicals, building materials, etc. Choosing an appropriate CO2 reuse technology will depend on technical and economic requirements (such as the CO2 purity needed, technological maturity, cost-effectiveness, etc.) and also environmental and social criteria.
This article takes the reader through the main challenges and possible solutions involved in producing liquid biofuels from energy reserves derived from microalgae. First, the elements needed to understand the production of these energy reserves will be introduced. The most promising cultivation processes and unit treatment operations will then be discussed. An introduction to the current biofuels market and legislation is also presented. Finally, the main sustainability and efficiency criteria guiding the development of this application are introduced and illustrated through research perspectives.
In a context of raw materials shortage, awareness of a need for environmental protection, and pressure from regulations, the chemical industry is showing a growing interest in biosolvents made from renewable raw materials. Bio-based solvents offer an alternative to fossil resources, preventing health, safety and environmental hazards. After a reminder of the background to the solvents market, this paper presents the main biosolvent categories known for their industrial applications, and the different strategies for the design and selection of biosolvents meeting given specifications.
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