2. Green methods for sample processing

Despite the development of increasingly selective analytical techniques, sample pre-treatment remains, in most cases, an essential step in adapting the sample to the measurement technique and obtaining reliable analytical results. This generally involves separating the desired analyte from any interferents or from the matrix itself, and/or concentrating it to facilitate detection. This stage, preliminary to measurement, structures the analysis in terms of cost and impact, as it is often laborious, time-consuming and generates large quantities of waste. What's more, it frequently requires the use of toxic reagents or solvents. This is why this area of sample processing is actively being studied for improvement, and has seen the emergence of new, greener methods and processes to replace and reduce, or even eliminate, the solvents used. The main green innovations have focused on the reduction...