5. Conclusion

There are no technical requirements for "biolubricants", "environmentally acceptable lubricants" or "environmentally friendly lubricants". A number of legal provisions require "Bio-No-Tox"/"Bio-Min-Tox" properties and/or renewable material content.

EALs require a different chemistry and, properly selected and additivated, offer several functional advantages over hydrocarbon-based oils, but at a much higher purchase price.

After more than 30 years, the use of EALs or biolubricants has been consolidated in a niche market, except in the USA with VGP2013/VIDA.

Biolubricants will become mandatory everywhere, once local politics and society agree on the relationship between "water quality and oil/lubricant use".

Vehicles consume around 60% of all lubricants sold, and offer the greatest environmental...