7. Outlook

The internal combustion engine faces new challenges in meeting the energy and environmental challenges of the 21st century. The combustion piston engine is now in the hot seat, in severe competition with all-electric vehicles in Europe. We note that the said all-electric was imposed by the European Commission without any real prior impact study in reaction to the behavior of automakers with the infamous Diesel scandal in 2015 (Diesel gate).

We note that it is the Asian continent, including China, which today dominates at least 50% of the electric vehicle value chain, and 75% for batteries. The challenge facing Europe is therefore to regain its sovereignty in these new value chains, which it must learn to master at a rapid pace.

Diesel and gasoline, which have been consigned to oblivion in Europe since 1995, are set to pursue a career that...