4. Static loads and their effects

Any phenomenon that modifies the pipe's deformation line is considered a stress.

Piping deforms by absorbing thermal expansion, pressure-induced elongation and banana bending of the tubes due to non-uniform temperature distribution around the circumference. It compensates for displacements of fixing points and shortening due to tensioning or stress relaxation through creep. It resists deformation due to the action of weight, wind, snow and isolated stresses caused, for example, by the opening of a safety valve.

The load defines new equilibrium conditions, and therefore new values for the second members of the equations.

The friction that influences the deformations caused by each load is also taken into account.