4. Forming machines

Figure 1 - Forming curved bottoms: application of each process

Figure 3 - Determination of the relative diameter limit of the blank  as a function of the draw ratio  and the die radius r m

Figure 5 - Stamping a convex bottom: shape of the cylindrical part of the punch

Figure 7 - Cross-sections of two types of ring dies

Figure 8 - Spherical spherical cap piece-by-piece stamping

Figure 9 - Cutting stamping: critical blank diameter D cf as a function of blank thickness e for different punch bending radii R p (from [4])

Figure 10 - Geometric bending parameters

Figure 11 - Influence of bent length L on the value of the minimum bending radius r m(from [5] and [6])

Figure 12 - Position of machined chamfers on the blank to prevent cracking during bending

Figure 13 - Crunching

Figure 14 - Roller position for conical bending on pyramid rollers

Figure 15 - Roller position for taper bending on a four-roller bending machine

Figure 16 - Lap push-back

Figure 17 - Interchangeable-tip mandrel for spinning torispherical dished heads

Figure 18 - Forming on a hand-fed edge-forming machine (from [11])

Figure 19 - Forming on an edge-forming machine with automatic edge-roller guidance (from [11])

Figure 20 - Forming a hemisphere by spinning a truncated cone welded to a spherical cap

Figure 21 - Machine with pivoting form roller to correct the shape of the edge radius (from Boldrini document).

Figure 22 - Stamping press with a maximum force of 120,000 kN (according to CLECIM document)

Figure 23 - Mechanical press brake

Figure 24 - Hydraulic press brake

Figure 25 - Pyramid roller

Figure 26 - Symmetrical bottom-roller-type roller-cutter

Figure 27 - Rolling machine with horizontal displacement of lower rollers

Figure 28 - Forming for high-power zone (thick plates)

Figure 29 - Crescent rollers with asymmetrical bottom rollers

Figure 30 - Four-roller hook-type rolling machine

Figure 31 - Rolling on a four-roller roller crusher

Figure 32 - Cylinder calibration after longitudinal welding

Figure 33 - Push-back with hydraulic counter-bearing

Figure 34 - Spinning lathe with blank and mandrel pit (from Leifeld document)