3. Real Driving Emissions test procedure

Despite the ever-increasing stringency of European regulations on pollution and CO ₂ emissions from passenger car exhausts, real world traffic emissions (RDE) have remained virtually unchanged over the last three decades (except PM, thanks to FàP). What's more, laboratory homologation based on a highly repetitive and idealized driving cycle, set up for repeatability reasons, invites manufacturers to optimize their VPs only on this cycle. Indeed, carmakers develop technical solutions primarily to comply with new legislative regulations; in other words, their technical systems are designed to pass homologation, and therefore to comply with the letter of the law. To date, few have chosen to go further with pollution control because of the costs involved, which could be a commercial disadvantage in the marketplace. Consequently, this raises questions...