5. Conclusion

Helical springs are very useful for storing and restoring energy from axial displacement, as they are inexpensive and recyclable in the case of those made of metallic material. Simple geometries, such as constant-pitch cylindrical springs, enable the linear behavior often sought after. To help you master their operation, key design points are detailed: influence of winding ratio, static and dynamic behaviour, buckling, relaxation, creep, shot peening, preforming of compression springs and initial tension for tension springs. Recommended spring end geometries are also detailed: additional coils for compression springs, and loops or hooks for tension springs. It is also possible to depart from the standard geometry for special applications. The diversity of possible shapes - variations in angle, pitch, winding radius, etc. - makes it possible to obtain specific properties, such as non-linear...