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The modeling of laminated composite structures can appear complex due to the heterogeneity and anisotropy of these materials, as well as the wide variety of stacking sequence combinations. Classical laminate theory provides a convenient and insightful representation of composite behavior, from the ply to the full laminate, but it is insufficient for designing complex structures. This article presents the behavior of the elementary ply, methodologies adapted to composite structures, and advanced optimization approaches, illustrated through three application cases using finite element modeling.
The finite element method is widely used to obtain a numerical solution in mechanics. Sometimes predicting the behaviour of a system can be difficult because of uncertainties. Taking the latter into account in the analysis is a complex area which includes: identification and modeling of its sources, their propagation and post-processing to measure their influence on general behavior. In this article, the probabilistic modeling in mechanics is used based on metamodels. A robust models and industrial applications are proposed taking into account the aleas: material properties, boundary conditions and loading.
The main topic of this article is seal face deformation due to thermo-mechanical loading induced by the seal operation. Some examples including face lubrication, heat transfer, and face deformation are presented to highlight the behavior of mechanical seals.
Mechanical faces seals are sealing systems used on many rotating machines with a large panel of fluids. This article addresses the case where mechanical face seals operate with compressible fluids, that is to say low and high pressure gases and liquids undergoing vaporisation during the sealing process. The physical phenomena governing each of these working conditions, their classification and the impact on the mechanical seal performance are presented. The case of spiral groove face seal working with a gas is also analysed.
This article highlights the phenomena involved in the functioning of mechanical face seals, and the broad variety of their fields of industrial application. The geometrical and kinematic analysis of this component, which can present various types of set-up, is described. Lastly the lubrication theory of the simple case of two aligned faces separated by a thin lubricant film of fixed thickness is developed.
This article deals with the study and modeling of the behavior of mechanical face seals for liquids, and especially the lubrication of the seal faces when these are in relative motion. The hydrodynamic lubrication for which the seal faces are smooth and fully separated by a lubricating fluid film is first presented. The mixed lubrication problem is then addressed for cases where surface irregularities are partially in contact.
Seal rings may vibrate and oscillate. They dissipate friction heat. The first part of this article presents a nonlinear analysis and modeling of seal dynamic behavior for various layouts. A simplified linear model is then presented and its results are summarized. The second part develops the analysis and modeling of the thermal dissipation in the interface, the heat transfer by conduction in the rings and the exchange of heat by convection between the walls of the rings and the surrounding fluids. Two approaches are presented and compared through characteristic case studies of mechanical seals for water and for oil.
The computation of the life duration allows to select bearings of the adequate size, when one is designing a machine or a mechanism. This paper presents the of the life duration radial and thrust ball bearings, taking into account any combined or variable loading. Knowing the dynamic capability of the bearing (catalogue data) and the loading, one first computes the nominal life duration L10 which offers a reliability of 90%. One computes then corrective factors allowing to refine the life prediction: the reliability factor, the contamination factor and the viscosité ratio of the oil.
The use of the bond graph in the context of direct and inverse modelling provides a methodology that fits into the V cycle, between the functional definition phase of the product (concepts) and the geometric definition phase of the components of the product to be produced (prototypes). This article proposes the tools needed to respond to different phases in the design of mechatronic systems based on this methodology. A simple introductory example illustrates the main idea of inversion. Next, the various key concepts are presented. Finally, the different methodological phases for design are proposed.
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