2. Digital simulation
2.1 Finite element models
In general, each stage of the process is simulated to take account of the sheet's deformation history: dropping, pre-crimping, crimping and the intermediate phases of tool removal and sheet springback. Two types of numerical modeling are generally adopted for crimping simulation. These are discussed in this section.
SCROLL TO TOP2.1.1 3D modeling using shell elements
This type of modeling is mainly used in industry for reasons of computation time. One example is the OPTRIS v6.1...
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Digital simulation
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