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Cutting fluids play a decisive role in the efficiency of machining operations on mechanical components. They are an important lever for increasing productivity and the quality of machined parts, as well as for optimizing the service life of cutting tools. Cutting fluids are therefore a substantial factor in competitiveness in machining. This article explains the role of cutting fluids in order to gain a better understanding of the issues involved in their use, as well as the choices to be made in a highly technical, competitive and strategic environment.
Depending on the machining operation considered, the material removal process will primarily require either high lubricating performance (in the case of neat oils) or strong cooling properties (in the case of soluble oils). Soluble oils are a mixture of water and oil concentrate. As such, they constitute a highly technical product that demands a rigorous selection process, methodical use, and increased vigilance. This article focuses on the case of soluble oils and aims to shed light on the specific characteristics of this type of cutting fluid as well as its fields of application, in order to better understand its usage.
Due to their lubricating properties, full oils play a role in optimising friction at the tool/material interface during machining. In practical terms, this reduces the mechanical load on the cutting tool and keeps the temperature rise in the cutting zone within a more favourable range. Furthermore, due to their relatively high viscosity, neat oils effectively help to transport chips away from the cutting zone to prevent them from being recycled, for example. All of these characteristics, combined with control over spray and flow rate, help to increase tool life, productivity and machining quality. Full oils also provide effective protection against oxidation caused by air, humidity or temperature variations.
The ISO GPS specifications (dimensional, geometrical, surface texture, and transition) are described with symbolic tools defined by ISO international standards. With them, the designer transcribes the expected functions and communicates them to technical actors. The method department determines the most suitable manufacturing process in relation to the specified tolerance level and relies on the measurement department to ensure product compliance.The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of geometric product specifications (GPS) and to provide levels of tolerance intervals that can be accessed by manufacturing process.
Brazing is a metallurgical assembly process for joining metallic and non-metallic materials, such as ceramics, through a metallic filler alloy with a lower melting temperature than the base materials. Knowledge of the physical phenomena that govern brazing make it possible to achieve junctions that meet the requirements of each industrial application. They will be detailed in this article and examples of applications will be discussed.
Invented in the 19th century, the first cutting materials have since been subject to innovation and increased performance. Today, materials such as CBN or PCD allow the machining of very complex and hard materials. The cutting material that has evolved the most in the last thirty years is tungsten carbide, whose permanent improvements have made it increasingly versatile and efficient. This article describes these developments in detail.
Drilling is one of the most common processes used in industry, but it is also one of the least studied due to its geometric and multi-physics complexity. However, drilling induces residual stresses, which can play a major role in the in-service behavior of materials with low machinability.In this context, numerical simulation appears as a very good way of understanding these phenomena. Through various examples, this article reviews the numerical methods used to model physical phenomena involved in drilling as well as the consequences induced in terms of residual stresses.
This article defines the machining operation, states precisely its economic impact with respect to the other material forming operations and presents the main characteristics of the great classes of processes: cutting, abrasion and physico-chemical machinings. The various processes are described according to their class, and their performances are compared: machinability of materials, material rate and energy consumption, machined parts, cost of realisation.
It is very difficult to give numerical values for the use of a tool in a material. These can be strongly influenced by the ma-chining environment, e.g. an inclined plane, a big length / diameter ratio, etc.Therefore, the numerical values collected in this article are basic drilling data when the tool operation is not disturbed by the environment. Wherever possible, a range of data is given. The proposed minimum value must be respected absolutely (do not go below it); the maximum value can be reduced, for example to increase the tool life.
It is very difficult to give numerical values for the use of a tool in a material. These can be strongly influenced by the ma-chining environment, e.g. shock, a long part with little diameter, etc.Therefore, the numerical values collected in this article are basic turning data when the tool operation is not disturbed by the environment. Wherever possible, a range of data is given. The proposed minimum value must be respected absolutely (do not go below it); the maximum value can be reduced, for example to increase the tool life.
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