3. Machine components

3.1 Structural elements

• The structure is made up of various mobile or fixed elements: sled, console, table, frame, upright, etc.; they transmit machining forces and receive variable stresses due to the mass of the various workpieces and the variation in position of the moving masses on the different axes. They must ensure that precision and cutting stability are maintained. The main criteria for these elements are rigidity and damping.

  The most commonly used material is cast iron. Ribbing prevents buckling. To ensure that the geometry is maintained over time, stabilization is carried out either after casting, or even better, after roughing. The use of mechanically-welded steel is less frequent, due to its poorer vibration damping, although...