1. Context

Over the last ten years, there has been an exponential growth in the need for increasingly autonomous systems: telephones, microcomputers, tools, touch-screen tablets... Added to this is a general awareness of the need for more reasoned, better-managed energy consumption. The development of hybrid and electric vehicles, and the diversification of energy sources to include a greater proportion of renewable sources in energy production, are leading to the growing electrification of many sectors. Questions of autonomy and intelligent energy management take into account the need to match consumption and production patterns as closely as possible. The intermittency of green energy sources, the optimization of electrical architecture and the quest for greater autonomy inevitably lead to the implementation of energy storage systems. Electrochemical energy storage systems are essential links in...