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Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots-QDs) exhibit very interesting optical properties : no photobleaching of their fluorescence over time (even under continuous excitation), narrow spectral width, easily tunable emission wavelength according to their size and chemical composition. However, their use remains limited : at a single particle level, their fluorescence fluctuates with time (blinking). A new type of quantum dots has been synthesized, with a strongly reduced blinking. This article presents the mechanisms of fluorescence and blinking of QDs, the general methods of synthesis, and the study of non-blinking nanocrystals with 100 % quantum yield at low temperature.
Pyrocarbons are dense carbons the structure of which is close to graphite, i.e. formed by a stacking of graphenic layers containing 2D, 1D or point defects. They are prepared by a gas-phase route like chemical vapor deposition ; accordingly, they have a variable nanotexture. This article describes the processing and characterization techniques, their structural and textural classification, in relation with their properties, which lead them to be used in numerous high-tech applications.
Nanomedicines are drug delivery systems obtained from the use of nanotechnologies. Their characteristics are very diverse and have an impact on their fate in the body. This paper describes the interactions between the nanoparticles and their biological environment for the main routes of administration. Models used to study the performances of those drug delivery systems to allow their market access are also described. The characteristics that are important to monitor and to master are listed and their influence on the fate of the nanoparticles or their efficacy are discussed.
Organic photovoltaics has many advantages over other photovoltaic technologies to become a major player in sustainable electricity production worldwide. In this article, the specificities of organic photovoltaics are presented as well as the operating principles of this technology, from the materials used to the devices. The state of the art and the obstacles to be overcome in order for this technology of the future to reach full maturity are also discussed.
Nanosciences are dedicated to the synthesis and study of matter on a scale of between one and one hundred nanometers, with specific properties. They also cover applications, sometimes called nanotechnologies. Research and industrial applications are developing rapidly thanks to the use of nanosubstances and nanomaterials. The rules in this area are numerous and evolve regularly, which makes the analysis of the whole complex. To evoke the legal regulation of nanosciences is then to question the relevance and the modalities of a regulatory action of the law on research and on technical-industrial development.
Supramolecular chemistry is the basis of complex molecular assemblies omnipresent in biological machinery, where they provide both organization and functionality. This article first presents, through selected examples, some aspects of supramolecular chemistry in the living world. A second part deals with the concept of dynamic combinatorial chemistry, and also introduces the concept of molecular topology applied to the chemistry of catenanes, rotaxanes and knots.
Since the late 1960s, supramolecular chemistry has become a multidisciplinary branch of chemical sciences, covering broad domains of investigation with strong links to biology or materials science. This article gives a detailed overview of the wide range of non-covalent intermolecular interactions and their implementation in molecular recognition. Its purpose is to present, through selected examples, the principles and methods leading to the formation of "host-guest" complexes, highlighting the development of synthetic molecular receptors and their applications.
This article first describes the different kinds of luminescent nanomaterials, such as semiconducting materials or metal oxides in the form of nanoparticles, nanowires or atomic single layers. Some original, innovative or promising applications of these nanomaterials in the domains of communications technology, energy and healthcare are proposed in a second part. Lastly the legislation regarding the potential hazards and the handling of these new materials is given.
In the literature, an increasing number of therapeutic strategies requires the use of nanoparticles in colloidal or immobilized forms. It is in this context that this paper will attempt to provide a first step towards answering the question: are nanoparticles drugs like any others? A brief reminder of the nature of nanoparticles will be given. Then the notions of quality and regulation will be addressed, with a comparison between conventional drugs and nanoparticles. Finally, the notion of benefit/risk, a critical point in the development of drugs, will be developed with concrete examples.
Nanomaterials are sources of new industrial development but raise also some concerns about their potential toxicities in some applications like food. This article first reviews the current definitions of nanomaterials and gives examples about the large variety of forms, shapes and size they can adopt. Then it draws up a list of the food additives containing nano-objects, their current use in food products and finally explains the work ensured by food safety agencies at any level (national or european) to check their innocuity.
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