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This article describes the preparation of nanocomposites based on polypropylene and lamellar clay by twin-screw extrusion. After presenting the potential utility of these materials, the experimental techniques for preparing and characterizing them are described. The influence of the processing parameters (screw speed, feed rate or mixing time, barrel temperature) on the microstructure is then evaluated, first in an internal mixer, then in a twin-screw extruder. Finally, the article shows how a modeling approach based on continuum mechanics can help solve optimization and scale-up problems.
The advent of new technological sectors is a challenge for telecommunications in order to develop innovative structures and meet the needs of future applications. These technological innovations, developed in the microwave sector prove the usefulness of functionalized nanostructured materials. This article provides a study of functionalized magnoelectric nanocomposites for hyper frequencies. After a brief overview of the present situation, magnetic materials and needs in hyper frequency are dealt with. The electromagnetism of granular nanocomposites is then explained.
Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots-QDs) exhibit very interesting optical properties : no photobleaching of their fluorescence over time (even under continuous excitation), narrow spectral width, easily tunable emission wavelength according to their size and chemical composition. However, their use remains limited : at a single particle level, their fluorescence fluctuates with time (blinking). A new type of quantum dots has been synthesized, with a strongly reduced blinking. This article presents the mechanisms of fluorescence and blinking of QDs, the general methods of synthesis, and the study of non-blinking nanocrystals with 100 % quantum yield at low temperature.
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) display unusual physical properties owing to their smallness and their all-carbon composition. Concerning their optical properties, semiconductor SWNT emit light in the near infrared – a phenomenon called fluorescence or photoluminescence – at wavelengths that depend on their structure and dielectric environment. This article concerns the physical phenomena responsible for SWNT photoluminescence, and in particular the excitonic properties of these entities, the influence of their structure and environment on their photoluminescence spectrum, and on their possible applications in photonics.
Gold nanoparticles possess a set of properties that come from the element Gold, their nanometric size and their particulate nature as well as their functionalization. By playing on the size, shape and composition of gold-based nanostructures, it is possible to adapt their behavior for medical applications covering the fields of biodetection, medical imaging and therapy.Through a synthesis of the immense production of papers devoted to gold nanoparticles, revealing the craze and hopes placed in them, this article highlights the potential of gold nanoparticles for medical applications.
Gold nanoparticles are structures made up of a few dozen to several million gold atoms, ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm. This article presents some of the processes for producing gold nanoparticles, which can be prepared as spheres, rods, triangles, stars, cubes and so on. In particular, the remarkable properties of gold nanoparticles in catalysis, optics (including localized plasmon resonance), biosensors and thermo-plasmonics are developed. It also includes original applications in nanomedicine, bio fuel cells and plasmonic pigments.
HiPIMS (High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering) technology represents a major advancement in the field of physical vapor deposition (PVD) for the synthesis of functional thin films. This article starts with an overview of the conventional magnetron sputtering to establish the fundamental concepts. Subsequently, the HiPIMS technique is presented, highlighting the key challenges in generating high-power pulses and accurately modeling the magnetic field involved in magnetron sputtering processes. Finally, two specific applications of this technology are examined: the growth of titanium dioxide and tungsten trioxide thin films.
3D printing emerged through the coupling of material and energy, with stereolithography as the first technology. This process relies on spatially resolved single-photon polymerization. Since then, other processes have been developed, drawing closer to those derived from nanotechnologies, microtechnologies, and microelectronics. Among these achievements, a technique stemming from single photon stereolithography particularly sto-od out: multi-photon polymerization. Where relevant, this article highlights potential applications of these 3D printing techniques, keeping in mind the need to design nano- and microdevices that remain manipulable.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a global major public health issue. Silver nanoparticles, metal oxides or nanocarbones could be an alternative to antibiotics. The antimicrobial effect of nanoparticles is inversely proportional to their size. Indeed at nanoscale, particles have greater efficiency in comparison with identical materials of greater size. The medical application of nanoparticles is possible for certain nanoparticles that are cytotoxic against bacteria but not against mammalian cells.
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) represent a diverse group of prokaryotes that biomineralize unique organelles called magnetosomes allowing the cells to passively orientate in magnetic field lines. Magnetosomes consist of magnetic mineral crystals, composed of either magnetite or greigite, each surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer membrane. Bacterial magnetosomes have novel properties and also paleomagnetic significance and have been used in a large number of commercial and medical applications.
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