4. Manual checks after sampling

In general, manual laboratory analyses on samples taken are less suitable for checking packaging and pollution in the various circuits. However, they remain indispensable in a number of cases, most of which are obvious:

• when there is no reliable chemical controller for the parameter in question, the best example of which is lithium in the primary circuit; development has been envisaged but has not yet resulted in an industrially available, reliable device for continuously monitoring the lithium content of the primary circuit, which would be useful for achieving the optimum, constant pH target;

• when the point to be analyzed does not correspond to a circuit with a large circulating volume, but to a tank (reservoir) of given volume which is kept, for example, for certain specific operating phases, for safety...