4. Heat released by combustion. Smoke temperature

4.1 Combustion temperature

When a fuel burns in an adiabatic enclosure, the combustion temperature is the maximum temperature reached by the fumes [BE 8 311] . The theoretical combustion temperature is the temperature reached by the fumes when combustion is theoretical (or stoichiometric), with fuel and oxidizer taken at 0°C.

In reality, a practical combustion temperature is defined because the enclosures are non-adiabatic and the ash absorbs a certain amount of heat. The following...