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The production of low-carbon electricity is a necessity that calls for the development of new technologies. Thermophotovoltaic conversion involves the direct conversion of thermal energy using the photovoltaic effect. As with photovoltaic conversion using solar radiation, it recovers radiative heat from sources with temperatures between 500 and 2,500 °C. This article presents basic principles, science and engineering, and main applications. Powered by a wide variety of primary energy sources, coupled with energy storage in thermal form at very high temperatures (1,000 to 2,500°C), and with cell efficiencies tending towards 50 %, thermophotovoltaic systems offer new options for decarbonized electricity production.
This article presents the basics of radiative transfer in media that alters thermal radiation passing through them. Such media are called semi-transparent, or (radiatively) participants. They are found, in particular, in high-temperature industrial processes, fire safety, combustion chamber thermics, atmospheric science, solar energy harvesting, etc. The different mechanisms of interaction of radiation with matter are detailed. They lead to a transport equation whose solution gives access to the fundamental energy quantities for the heat transfer engineer (flux, radiant sources).
Porous media are ubiquitous in many fields concerning natural, manufactured, or biological media. Modeling heat transfer in these media requires taking into account the multi-scale aspect, which, in this article will be limited to the passage from the pore scale to a macroscopic or Darcy scale. The macroscopic or effective properties (permeability, effective diffusion, etc.) are described in the text for the main heat transfer mechanisms: conduction, convection and natural convection, radiative transfer.
Phase change mechanisms are present in many fields: industrial drying operations, geothermal energy, exchangers, … Several macroscopic models are possible: for example Darcean or inertial for the momentum balance, local equilibrium or local non-equilibrium models for the energy balance. Equilibrium water contents depend on capillary and adsorption effects. A complete model is complex. Under certain conditions, a water transport model in the form of a non-linear diffusion equation can be a good approximation. However, the saturation, temperature, concentration, pressure and velocity fields are often complex, reflecting the various mechanisms affecting water transport.
The control of oxidation and auto-ignition phenomena in organic compounds is required for the efficient running of many energetic processes, such as diesel and spark ignition engines. In the chemical processes based on the direct oxidation of hydrocarbons, auto-ignition phenomena can lead to explosions with catastrophic consequences. In all combustion processes, the knowledge of oxidation chemistry allows for modeling auto-ignitions and minimizing the formation of gaseous pollutants. A grounded understanding of oxidation phenomena requires the determination of a detailed kinetic model based on elementary reactions.
Environmental assessment is a scientific discipline that provides both tools and indicators essential for the development of a sustainable society. Among various approaches, emergy evaluation (EME) is based on the thermodynamic analysis of ecosystems. It begins with the principle that any resource or product is the result of successive natural and anthropic mechanisms, allowing the expression of the intrinsic value of any object or service using a common unit. In contrast to other methods of environmental accounting, EME sheds light on humans' interdependence with natural systems, thus orienting decision-making toward the search for ecological synergies, as illustrated by the examples presented.
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