2. Emerging versus fundamental

2.1 Emerging nonlinear dynamics

The introduction of non-linear terms into the von Neumann formalism is neither new nor highly original to IQT and its mathematical representation SEAQT. Non-linear modifications of the von Neumann equation of motion have long appeared in the literature and are the result of two essentially distinct approaches, one fundamental, the other emergent. The best-known, dominant and widely accepted approach is that in which nonlinear terms appear when the fundamental description, which obeys the strict von Neumann equation of motion, is coarse grained as in the construction of the BBGKY (Bogolioubov, Born, Green, Kirkwood and Yvon) quantum hierarchy of reduced density operator equations based on a single particle or two particles or three particles... In such...