4. Demonstration and deployment projects

4.1 Industrial development and pilot phase

The development of a new process generally passes through the various TRL stages; starting with conceptual ideas, then undergoing laboratory-scale tests, the process must fairly quickly pass through pilot tests and, above all, the demonstration stage to validate its commercial interest. Fields that have mastered their core technologies do not always need to go through all the intermediate stages. However, in the case of CCS, where technologies from the chemical sector - or even entirely new technologies - are applied to the energy sector, it is difficult not to go through a certain number of stages. So, before describing some existing demonstrators, let's take a look at the various control stages and their contribution to process development....