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Carbon pricing systems are evolving and influencing international economies. Three main types can be distinguished: emissions trading systems (ETS), carbon taxes, and carbon credit mechanisms. Following a review of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that must be avoided by 2035, this article summarizes the recent (2024–2025) changes observed across these three carbon pricing systems. The global reduction of GHG emissions results from the adoption of public policies and the implementation of instruments such as carbon pricing mechanisms. The analysis of these systems assesses their effectiveness on economies and highlights the need for more ambitious NDC targets to achieve climate goals
In these times of research for alternative energies to fossil resources, integrating biogases into the French energy landscape appear to be of interest from an economic and political viewpoint. Indeed, recycling household, agricultural and industrial organic waste as well as waste-water treatment fall within sustainable development and renewable energies. However, the optimal integration of this resource within the existing energy networks raises certain technical challenges such as gas dehumidification and lowering hydrogen sulphide content. Furthermore, the presence of VOC volatile organic compounds and siloxanes constitute a risk of premature degradation for facilities which directly impacts the sector's economic balance.
This article begins with a history of energy diagnosis as well as some Rational Energy Use basics. It presents the main steps in an energy diagnosis for an industrial company, and the expected results. The article outlines the company's knowledge to improve its energy management : different energy balances, lists of energy equipment and uses, calculations of Energy Performance Indicators, the energy savings actions implementation to improve the energy situation, the action plan. Different reference texts are cited, the two most important of which are described : the most comprehensive French energy diagnostic repository (BP X 30-120) and the European energy audit standard (NF EN 16247). The stakes, the actors, the financial aids complete this presentation.
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