3. Conclusion

PEMFC and SOFC fuel cells involve a wide range of complex physical phenomena in the fields of thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and electrochemistry.

Thermal modeling takes three main factors into account: solid components, gaseous or liquid fluids, and mass transfer associated with chemical reactions and diffusion phenomena.

We propose a thermal modeling approach that combines the nodal method with a finite difference method for the fluid dynamics component. Other solutions are possible, and in some cases, specialized software can be used (such as Fluent or Femlab); however, to the best of our knowledge, there is no commercially available software capable of accurately analyzing all of these phenomena.