Assess the energy costs of these processes

The main challenge lies in the low overall efficiency of the production line.

• Electrolysis: 65–80% efficiency.

• Synthesis of synthetic fuel: 45–60% yield.

Due to the low efficiency of the synthesis and electrolysis processes, the overall "well-to-wheel" efficiency is expected to be low, ranging from 15% to 25%.

In conclusion, the production of synthetic fuel requires enormous amounts of renewable electricity. For example, producing one liter of e-fuel requires approximately 25–30 kWh of electricity.