5. Conclusion

Industrial experience feedback on heat exchangers has enabled us to develop the design and operating rules for these devices to improve their performance and service life under real operating conditions.

Nevertheless, new problems always arise, particularly when innovative technologies are used to increase performance, reduce manufacturing or operating costs, or save energy by recovering heat lost in industrial processes.

Major standardization efforts have been made, contributing to the quality and reliability of this equipment.

The next steps will involve experimenting with new areas of operation, in variable regimes or with unconventional fluids.