1. Principle
"Heat cannot pass spontaneously from a cold body to a hot one". This is Clausius' statement of the second principle of thermodynamics.
If you want to transfer heat in the unnatural sense from a cold medium to a warm one, you have to devise and implement a special thermal system, and supply energy to it.
The particular thermodynamic system implemented is capable of effectively transferring heat from a lower-temperature medium where the heat is taken (cold source) to a higher-temperature medium where the heat is rejected (hot sink).
When the aim is to extract heat from a body, or a medium, in order to cool it or maintain it at a temperature below that of the ambient, the system that performs this operation is naturally called a refrigeration machine. The useful effect is the...
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Principle
Performance coefficients
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