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Solid sorption chillers and heat pumps represent a range of major components for the rational use of energy. They have alreadỳ found several development niches: desiccant wheels and low-regeneration-temperature chillers for adsorption, negative-temperature cold production, cold storage for food transport, and thermal storage for chemical reaction. New products are also highly innovative: atmospheric water capture, recovery, storage and transport of waste heat. Last but not least, the emergence of MOFs and innovative shaping techniques is opening up new prospects for reducing the weight and volume of these systems, and thus opening up new markets.
Standards are a key element for industrial and commercial exchanges, at national or international level. Many manufacturers have understood that standardization can be an economic weapon, as standards are created by those who need them. Active participation in standards development, though attendance in standardization work, is essential for companies. Experts are involved in all phases of the development process, from the decision on the need for a new standard to the definition of the technical content. The field of refrigeration is no exception to this rule: the purpose of this article is to present the main structures at French, European and international level, as well as the relevant normative documents.
Faced with the socio-economic and environmental challenges of our modern societies, hydrogen provides a real solution for deploying a virtuous energy transition across its entire value chain, from production to use to storage. However, the massive hydrogen deployment cannot be achieved without refrigeration, both with its mature and already available technologies and with those that absolutely should be developed to support this energy transition.In this article, a review of hydrogen production and distribution modes is proposed, followed by an analysis of the different direct and indirect usages of hydrogen in refrigeration applications today and in the future.
The purpose of this paper is to describe and understand the automatons and the automatic control and safety devices of the refrigeration installations constituting the cold chain. To optimize and control a refrigeration machine, it is necessary to understand how the components work to regulate the entire refrigeration system.We will present the operating principles of elements such as the expansion valves supplying the evaporators, the principles of regulation and optimization of a refrigeration system, including frost management. Also, we will review the different strategies to adopt for oil management and we will end with the remote monitoring architectures of these systems. Here components such as compressors and exchangers are not treated.
This article deals with the configurations and physical principles specific to obtaining ultralow temperatures, below ?100°C, in cryogenics. The use of liquefied gases such as air and helium covers the most common processes, but the thermomagnetic properties of some materials can also be usefully exploited. Perspectives for the general production of cold, not only in cryogenics, are also set out.
Phase change configurations include sorption machines, but also configurations with ejectors. More specific cases with permanent gases are also described in this article, mainly the Ranque-Hilsch tube and pulse tubes or acoustic configurations. A third category uses thermoelectrical effects. These categories are the main ones in terms of industrial impact. However, this list is incomplete as new advances are being made, such as thermomagnetic configurations.
Refrigeration and heat boosting are typical applications of reverse cycle machines or systems. The need to save energy means carefully considering all that can be done using the potential of reverse cycle machines. This article reports on the state of the art regarding fundamental knowledge of reverse cycle machines to develop consistent models. The first reported approach is the classical one, based on equilibrium thermodynamics. The second one is more recent, and uses full thermodynamics combining heat and mass transfers. Some simple examples are given to illustrate the usefulness of the concepts introduced. These concepts will probably be considered more deeply in the near future to optimise the design of machines, and to control, command, and run them on site.
This paper deals with ammonia-water liquid absorption technology. Main applications concern industrial refrigeration driven by superheated steam, hot water or exhaust gases and domestic heat pumps using natural gas (or LPG) as energy source. Existing units developed by the main manufacturers are presented. Their energy and environmental performances are analyzed and compare with those of more conventional technologies. The absorption-diffusion (gas refrigerator) and absorption-compression (high temperature heat pump) systems are also presented. Finally, the regulations and the market related to these systems are discussed.
The thermodynamic properties of the binary ammonia-water mixture and the possibilities it offers for the realization of absorption machines are discussed with the help of diagrams.The different cycles used for these machines are presented and analyzed with the help of a freeware allowing to simulate the performances of these cycles according to the operating conditions
For hygiene, conservation, concentration or dehydratation, etc. applications of cryogenics are numerous in the food industry. Other sectors, such as processing industries (mechanical, rubber, plastics), chemical engineering, gas liquefaction, civil engineering or waste treatment also use refrigeration processes.
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