1. Analysis and verification

1.1 Effects of actions – Load combinations

In general, a structure is subject to various types of direct or indirect action:

• By direct action we mean, for example, the frame's own weight, wind, snow, earthquakes, impacts, etc. ... ;

• Indirect actions affecting the structure are temperature variations, support settlements, fire, etc.

These actions, or more precisely their effects, must be taken into account in the frame sizing process. Most often, a distinction is made between the effects of permanent loads and the effects of variable loads – i.e. loads that vary in time and space (figure 1...