The superstructure of the building

The latest publications in this offer are:

• December 10, 2025

  REX101

  Decarbonize the cement-concrete sector by manufacturing a low-carbon concrete

  In 2024, France's territorial emissions were 376 Mt CO2eq, , including 57 Mt CO2eq from the building sector. These emissions are directly due to the production of building materials and the operation of buildings (heating, air conditioning, etc.).The article does not go into detail about the many ways in which emissions from this sector can be reduced, but focuses on the decarbonisation of the cement-concrete industry, and more specifically on feedback from the deployment of low-clinker concrete by the company 3 Béton, a concrete formulated using recycled raw materials in a short circuit, all without changing building methods or the economics of construction.Note that extraterritorial emissions are not taken into account in this feedback.

• December 10, 2025

  C2279

  Maturity method applied to concrete: monitoring, techniques et perspectives

  Accurate monitoring of concrete temperature is crucial in building and civil engineering works, as temperature is a key parameter in ensuring the strength and durability of structures. In particular, temperature monitoring can optimize formwork removal times, i.e., the moment when the formwork is removed, by ensuring that the concrete has sufficient strength. Finally, it plays a crucial role in the overall durability of structures by identifying adverse environmental conditions that could compromise their integrity. This article introduces various methods for monitoring concrete temperature, each with distinct advantages. Wired sensors, such as thermocouples, provide accurate and reliable measurements. In contrast, wireless sensors offer greater flexibility and easier installation.

• November 10, 2025

  C2278

  Temperature monitoring in concrete and influencing factors

  This paper explores technological advancements in concrete temperature monitoring, highlighting thermal control methods and their impact on structural durability. It examines the various stages of cement hydration, challenges posed by extreme temperatures, and innovative solutions such as wireless sensors.Emphasis is placed on the importance of real-time monitoring to prevent cracking and optimize concrete quality, in compliance with current standards.

• November 12, 2024

  B5150 Reviewed

  Mechanical vibrations

  Structures can be found in every field: they provide support for objects of all kinds. A mast, a bridge, a building, a car body, an airplane fuselage... are all structures of varying complexity, whose primary mission is to withstand their environment. If the environment is static, i.e. not time-dependent, such as gravity or constant pressure, we need to check that the stresses remain within the limits admissible by the materials. If the environment is time-dependent, we must first study the resulting movement. This dynamic behavior can, by amplification, give rise to levels well above those of static behavior. It is therefore important to master the prediction of these phenomena in order to understand, remedy and optimize them: this is the purpose of structural dynamics.

• February 19, 2024

  C6001 Reviewed

  Benefits from nonlinear constitutive laws in civil engineering

  Civil engineering has witnessed many significant advances for last decades. The technical achievements made by the engineers show year after year new design solutions to build performant and esthetic structures. The design process is based upon the assumption of the linearity of the material behaviors. As a consequence, an important conservatism is present but its quantification is rather unknown.The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the main challenges and contributions from the use of nonlinear constitutive laws.

• December 10, 2023

  C3842

  Technique and management of the not collective purification - Regulations and pretreatment

  Before it was seen as an alternative to the collective sewage system, non-collective sewage treatment, also known as "autonomous sewage treatment" or "individual sewage treatment", was the general practice.Because of its low population density and housing structure, France will always have a high proportion of its population connected to on-site sanitation systems, whether single-family or grouped.It is therefore essential to ensure the quality of sanitation practices.So, in a series of three articles, we're going to present the state of the art in terms of the different techniques availableIn this first article, after a brief history and review of the legislation and regulations governing non-collective sanitation, we look at wastewater pre-treatment and lifting techniques.Key words:…

• November 10, 2023

  C2575

  Industrial steel buildings: role and functioning of their main components

  Industrial structures are made of different components whose role is to ensure the resistance and the stability of these buildings under the effect of the acting actions which are, mainly, dead loads and climatic actions.The objective of the paper is to explain how these actions are transmitted from the envelope to the foundations through the various constitutive elements which are, in particular, the roofing and the cladding, then the purlins, the cladding rails, the portal frames and the different bracing systems.In order to be able to solve specific design requirements, alternative solutions are proposed, their respective advantages and disadvantages being examined.

• November 10, 2023

  C2574

  Industrial steel buildings: role and functioning of their secondary components

  Industrial structures are made of different components whose role is to ensure the resistance and the stability of these buildings under the effect of the acting actions which are, mainly, dead loads and climatic actions.The objective of the paper is to explain how these actions are transmitted from the envelope to the foundations through the various constitutive elements which are, in particular, the roofing and the cladding, then the purlins, the cladding rails, the portal frames and the different bracing systems.In order to be able to solve specific design requirements, alternative solutions are proposed, their respective advantages and disadvantages being examined.

• September 10, 2023

  C2261

  Precast concrete products

  Civil engineering and public works represent a significant part of the use of precast concrete products, with very diverse products and many applications.These products cover all needs in terms of the environment and public spaces, with sewerage pipes and auxiliary sewerage works, hydraulic works, purification, curbs and gutters, environmental products and flooring, concrete fences, civil engineering works, railway elements, elements for telecommunications, electrical networks.The article is divided into several parts: a first part on sanitation and purification, a second part on the public highways and urban planning, a third on engineering structures and finally a last part on retaining walls and sound barriers.

• September 4, 2023

  C2513 Reviewed

  Instability of shells

  Safely calculating the buckling resistance of steel shell structures requires the designer to understand several complex phenomena. The behavior of the shell before, during and after buckling depends largely on the geometry, the sensitivity to geometric and structural imperfections, loading mode and boundary conditions. The study of the stability of shells is thus a particularly challenging aspect of structural mechanics. Shells differ totally from other structural shapes in that the structure buckling resistance observed in experiments is often far below the buckling load calculated by a simple stability theory (linear eigenvalue analysis). The cause of this significant disparity and how this divergence is treated in calculations is explained.

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