1. Different pathologies, depending on their origin

1.1 No (or incomplete or erroneous) reconnaissance and/or soil survey.

It is undeniable that this is the most frequent cause of foundation disorders.

Designers and engineers of the structure to be built need to know the characteristics of the base soil(s) and the soil(s) selected, which means they must first have been determined by drilling, measuring and testing.

It's not so long ago that the soil working rate was set by the engineer in charge of the project, with a simple heel strike at the bottom of the excavation.