1. Definition

A beam is a structural element; horizontal or inclined, it is used to span distances while supporting loads. It is characterized by its ability to resist bending, shearing and torsion forces. A beam can be defined as an elongated solid generated by a surface, called a "cross-section", which moves perpendicular to a line, whether straight or curved. The line followed by the centers of gravity of the cross-section is called the "mean fiber". Beams rest on one or more supports to ensure their stability and support.

Beams are widely used in construction and civil engineering to support vertical loads such as floors, roofs and bridges. They create strong, durable structures capable of resisting stress and deformation. Different materials can be used to manufacture beams, such as wood, steel, reinforced concrete and composites, depending on construction requirements and...