5. Control

5.1 Issues

Piezoelectric actuators are often interesting solutions for applications where precision and good dynamics are required. They are also found in situations where space is a constraint, although advances in the miniaturization of electromagnetic actuators make this criterion less significant. They are typically found in atomic force microscopes, adaptive optics or micromanipulators where sub-nanometric precision is required. Indeed, the main advantage is to have a proportional relationship between displacement and voltage applied at constant force, according to the equation (7) .

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