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This article covers mulitphase machine with more than two independent currents in normal operation. All phases carry identical periodic currents, differing only by a constant phase shift between consecutive phases. For a multiphase drive, the phase number is defined from the perspectives of the machine, converter, and controller designers.Using a vertorial approach, a machine with a symmetrical winding and negligible rotor saliency is modeled as several two-phase and single-phase virtual machines, that are magnetically uncoupled but mechanically coupled, each sensitive to a set of particular time harmonics.This method underpins vector control of multiphase drives, with or without sinusoidal currents, enabling capabilities beyond those of conventional three-phase systems.
This article discusses photovoltaic energy, a technology that directly converts the sun's energy, consisting of photons, into electricity.First, the scientific principles of photovoltaics are discussed to explain the physical mechanisms that enable this direct conversion and their technological implications. The different losses within a cell are explained as well as the technological tools to limit each of them.The various existing technologies at different levels of maturity are presented, with a focus on the dominant technology: crystalline silicon, whose overall value chain is described in detail. Finally, the technological perspectives are briefly discussed.
This article deals with the superconducting fault current limiter. It is generally based on the fact that under a given current density (Jc), the electric field is completely negligible, but as soon as Jc is exceeded, the electric field instantly increases a lot, limiting the current under a known value.With no high-voltage non-superconducting equivalent, this device meets several current and future needs of electrical grids. The recent availability of suitable superconducting tapes operating in liquid nitrogen, a common fluid, reinforces its interest. Several limiters which successfully operated or operate today in electrical grids, including at very high voltage, are described. A pre-sizing of the superconducting element is proposed.
This article deals with electrical protection relays and systems for generators and motors. It starts by recalling the constitution of these machines, as well as the requirements that concern their operation on the associated networks. Then it describes the principles and operation of the protections against the electrical faults which are likely to occur, whether internal or external.alternateursLastly, it presents the technologies of the protection relays and systems, with a focus on numerical protection systems, that correspond to the today’s state of the art.
This article deals with techniques for shielding an electronic system against electromagnetic interference. Overall immunity obviously depends on the intrinsic characteristics of each of the shields used, but also on the way they are connected to each other. Generic equipment has therefore been chosen and allows for the introduction of the concept of a topological boundary.The attenuations provided by metallic or composite planes, enclosures, and connectors are successively studied, and the role of contact resistances is highlighted. This presentation concludes with the use of additional protection devices, such as ferrite rings and filter cables.
This article deals with advanced gate drivers for MOSFET and IGBT power electronics components. Taking a very practical approach close to the application, methods used for power component securing and protection are detailed. There are four main parts: the transmission of switching commands, structures of gate driving circuits, methods for detecting short-circuit current, and protection by shut-off and/or partial conduction status of power components.
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