1. Construction of a lead-acid battery

1.1 General

A lead-acid battery is made up of cells whose voltage, which depends on the state of charge, is of the order of two volts. These cells can be connected in series to give the battery a voltage of 6, 12, 24 V and higher. Typically, a cell consists of two electrodes immersed in the electrolyte. The positive electrode is based on lead dioxide (PbO ₂ ), the negative electrode, on lead metal. The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, H ₂ SO ₄ .

In flat-plate technology, an electrode is a set of identical plates, held together by a rigid strip that keeps them parallel to each other and at the same electrical...