4. Zebra" rechargeable battery
Most of the difficulties encountered with the sodium-sulfur battery arose at the cathode. These are mainly due to the insulating nature of sulfur, its volatility and the high melting temperatures of sodium polysulfides. This led to various attempts to combine the liquid sodium-alumina β couple with a more practical positive active material. The implementation, around 210 ˚C, of a molten mixture of antimony trichloride SbCl 3 and sodium tetrachloroaluminate NaAlCl 4 was unsuccessful, but proved instructive. This work led to a new type of accumulator, consisting of a liquid sodium anode, a β-alumina primary electrolyte, the other side of which is wetted by a mixture of molten sodium tetrachloroaluminate and a transition metal chloride insoluble in molten NaAlCl 4 ...
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Zebra" rechargeable battery
Bibliography
- - Pour faciliter la recherche des documents cités, les références bibliographiques concernent, pour l'essentiel, le « Journal of power sources » (J. Power Sources), le « Journal of the Electrochemical Society » (J. Electrochem. Soc.) et les actes du Colloque Gaston Planté 2000 (Paris, 30-31 octobre 2000). L'éditeur du « Journal of power sources » est Elsevier...
Legislative framework for batteries and accumulators
This legislative framework essentially concerns the thresholds not to be exceeded for hazardous products, as well as provisions for the disposal of used batteries.
Firstly, it is important to note that the texts refer to "batteries and accumulators". Considerations specific to accumulators have been extracted wherever possible.
1. European standards
...Treatment of hazardous substances
1. Mercury
The obligations imposed by Decree no. 91-1971 of December 29, 1999 have been met. According to the French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development, whose representative replied to a written question (July 9, 2003), "The quantity of 12 tonnes of mercury present in batteries in France corresponds to the level at the beginning of the 1990s... As early as 1994, the mass of mercury...
Organizations concerned
1. Central government departments
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• Ministry of the Environment
Pollution and Risk Prevention Department (DPPR)
Products and Waste Sub-Directorate
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•...
Battery manufacturers (non-exhaustive list)
European battery manufacturers have joined forces to form the EUROBAT association ( http://www.eurobat.org ). The association comprises 37 companies, both regular and associate members, and represents over 85% of the European accumulator industry. The association describes itself as "the unified voice of...
Battery recycling
1. Lead-acid batteries
• Métal Blanc (Bourg Fidèle, 08)
• STCM (Toulouse, 31; Bazoches, 45)
• APSM (Brenouille, 60)
2. Nickel-based batteries
• SNAM (France)
...
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