3. Civil engineering layouts

Turbine layout depends on the site, the need to blend into the landscape, the head and the type of turbine.

Bulb groups are well suited to low-head applications, with some integration problems. Progress has been made on volumes and noise levels.

• The two examples in figure 21 show the layout of a Francis turbine. The layout with vertical axis and negative outlet height (figure 21 a) requires an outlet cofferdam for intervention in the turbine (e.g. cleaning).