2. Evolution of the general organization of electrical systems

Since the mid-1990s, the world's major power systems have been undergoing profound and irreversible change. Since the restructuring of the electricity industry in England and Wales in 1992, the organization of the electricity sector and the roles of the various economic players have undergone profound change. As a result, the nature and distribution of the technical tasks involved in delivering electricity from the generating plant to the end consumer are also undergoing profound change.

The construction and subsequent interconnection of power grids were based on a number of axioms (not always clearly spelled out), such as energy self-sufficiency for each country, leading to a power generation policy (nuclear in France, hydroelectricity, sometimes very costly in Switzerland, lignite in Germany...) designed...