Electricity networks and applications

The latest publications in this offer are:

• December 10, 2025

  D4765

  Voltage source conversion stations for the transmission of electrical energy in direct current

  This set of three articles focuses on high-voltage direct current (HVDC) link converter stations using voltage source converters (VSC). It is structured into three successive parts: the first presents the general principles, the second addresses control and protection strategies, and the final one covers associated models and studies. This second article specifically deals with the control and protection systems of converter stations for HVDC links using voltage source converters. The basic control principles of this type of converter are described with theoretical justification. Then, the different control layers are presented. Finally, an overview of the protection strategies for these converters is provided in the last section.

• December 10, 2025

  D4966

  The general framework for the development of minigrids

• December 10, 2025

  D4766

  Voltage source conversion stations for the transmission of electrical energy in direct current

  This set of three articles focuses on high-voltage direct current (HVDC) link converter stations using voltage source converters (VSC). It is structured into three successive parts: the first presents the general principles, the second addresses control and protection strategies, and the final one covers associated models and studies. This third article first presents an overview of studies and converter models used during the lifecycle of HVDC links and then discusses the operating limits of the HVDC systems based on physical limits of the equipment, followed by an analysis of dynamic and transient behaviour through representative scenarios.

• December 10, 2025

  D4764

  Voltage source conversion stations for the transmission of electrical energy in direct current

  This series of three articles focuses on converter stations for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links using voltage source converters (VSC). It is structured in three consecutive parts: the first presents general principles, the second covers control and protection strategies, and the third deals with related models and studies. This first article introduces the context for using VSCs, describes the two types of converter valves: VSC switch type valve and VSC controllable voltage source type valve, along with their operating principles, before detailing the components of modular multilevel converter (MMC) stations and their roles.

• September 10, 2025

  D4814

  Managing and making the most of storage in power grids

  This article addresses the management and valorization of energy storage in electrical grids, highlighting its key role in integrating renewable energy sources. In the face of intermittency in solar and wind power, storage smooths production fluctuations, ensures network stability, and enhances electric system flexibility. It explores different storage technologies, such as batteries, pumped hydro storage, and compressed air, discussing their applications, benefits, and challenges. Case studies are presented before concluding with environmental issues, particularly the impact of material extraction and carbon footprint, while offering perspectives on sustainable solutions to support the energy transition.

• February 26, 2025

  D4762 Review

  Design and operation of thyristor converter stations

  This document describes the component and the theory of High Voltage Direct Current Line Commutated Convertors (HVDC-LCC) links. By using thyristors, these convertors can achieve a high power transfer at very high voltage but requires a minimum short-circuit level, absorb reactive power and generates harmonics. The first part of the article describes the main components of a HVDC LCC link and the second part is dedicated to the functionalities, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of HVDC-LCC technology.

• December 10, 2024

  D5572

  Charging light electric vehicles

• November 10, 2024

  D4921

  Electricity transmission and distribution tariffs

  The purpose of this article is to explain how the use of electricity transmission and distribution networks is priced for producers, suppliers and consumers in Europe and the United States. These networks are so-called essential infrastructures, and access to them must be open to all, since they are at the heart of electricity exchanges on the market. The natural monopoly position of these networks means that conditions of use, and in particular transmission tariffs, are regulated by independent regulatory commissions. These access tariffs take into account both the capacity reserved and the quantity transited.

• August 10, 2024

  D4317

  Dynamic reactive power control

  In this article are presented the different aspects of control of the different technologies applied for industrial reactive power compensation of fluctuating loads. Are considered the static compensator based on thyristors, the “Static Var Compensator” and the static compensator base on fully controllable power electronic component as IGBTs, more commonly called “STATCOM”. Common part on reactive power control can be deduce but as all technologies have their own particularities, two presentations are made one for the solution based on thyristor and another one for the STATCOM. Finally, the MMC revolution allows the direct feeding of these fluctuating loads, balancing and smoothing the loads seen by the grid.

• July 10, 2024

  D4319

  Flicker generated by arc furnaces

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