2. Aging phenomena

2.1 Aging modes

In transport applications (road, rail, etc.), battery ageing will depend on location (temperature, average gradient, etc.), type of use (very sequential at low speed, regular at medium speed, etc.), type of driving (nervous or calm) and driver habits (frequent or infrequent recharging, fast or slow charging, etc.), independently of the BMS which itself has a major influence on ageing.

In stationary applications, the ageing of batteries will depend on location (temperature, humidity, etc.), the services they provide to the power grid (optimization of production profile, frequency stability, security of supply, etc.), the BMS and the energy management of the entire storage system, or EMS (Energy Management System).

Three...