3. Conclusion and outlook

The main methods for solving electromagnetic problems were presented. They form the calculation engine of the main electromagnetic simulators, which have become essential tools for aiding the design of devices and systems. These methods are applied to different formulations, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Their limitations have been highlighted and their differences discussed. We note their complementarity and the fact that none of them can position itself as the champion for all conceivable problems. This suggests that hybrid procedures that take advantage of several methods are potential ways of improving computational efficiency. One example is the coupling of FEM with BEM, which combines the advantage of FEM for modeling the details of complex heterogeneous structures with the advantage of BEM for calculating radiated fields outside the volume mesh. In fact, BEM sources...