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This article reviews and presents the basic theoretical and practical aspects of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). The definitions and descriptions of key electromagnetic interactions are discussed, from near-field to far-field radiation interactions. The fundamental mechanisms underlying the interactions between charged particles and components are described, together with the basic mechanisms that provide an understanding of the noise generated by large-sized digital electronic circuits.
This paper intends to provide the keys to understanding silicon MOS (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) transistor operation, including process, advantages and limitations. After an introduction on MOS device structure and on how an MOS capacitor functions, transistor electrical characteristics will be described, to get a handle on the different operating regimes. A special focus will be made on the performance evaluation and optimization description, while linking it to the technological development roadmap and its associated limitations. Conventional bulk MOS transistor structure evolution and its scaling will be described up to the introduction of new transistor structures that are mandatory to continue to follow Moore’s law.
Dielectric resonators (DR) are central and basic elements in microwaves circuits with, for example, filters or oscillators. In this article, we will first describe how to measure the most important parameters for DR (permittivity, quality factor and thermal stability) as well as the elaboration process of the dielectric ceramic parts. Then will be presented some selection criteria to pick a DR and some market references. In a third part, we will introduce the physical origin and meaning of the permittivity of the material, followed by a non-exhaustive list of dielectric materials and their properties and chemical diagrams.
Dielectric resonators are non-conductive high permittivity ceramic objects, used to replace microwave cavities and reduce their size. They confine electromagnetic waves with up to 95% of their energy, through the TE01d mode of resonance. That article introduces the RLC resonant circuit, the microwave resonant cavity and the different coupling modes within the resonators. The quality factor of the cavities and dielectric resonators is obtained with resonance linewidth measurements of filters in transmission or absorption mode. Other ways of loading the cavity allow volume reduction of filters or access to higher frequencies. See for example the TM, HEM, TEM or gallery mode.
This article presents microwave receivers based on compact, ultra-sensitive vector magnetic field detectors, i.e. Josephson arrays. Because their implementation is easier and therefore economically more relevant, this article mainly deals with critical high temperature superconductors. The theoretical performance and experimental results are very attractive regarding dynamics and sensitivity. The removal of identified technological barriers will likely broaden the application domain. This concerns in particular the reduction of the dispersion of the Josephson junctions’ electronic characteristics and the choice of the architecture of two-dimensional networks.
This article concerns ceramic capacitors, passive components used in every domain of electronics. Their electrical performance and properties depend on their manufacturing technology and on the nature of their dielectric and metal materials. Choice of capacitor type depends on the desired application. It must take into account the value of the desired capacitance and the behavior of the dielectric according to the conditions of use. Implementation and bonding technologies together with reliability and cost constraints are other choice factors to consider.
Conjugated polymers can be used as sensitive layers in chemical (bio)sensors, enabling the selective detection of a wide range of chemical or biological molecules in both liquid and gaseous environments by converting the presence of target molecules into an electrochemical or optical signal. The article begins by introducing conjugated polymers and their key properties, followed by an explanation of the operating principles of sensors that incorporate them. It then explores recent advancements in sensor technologies, methods for combining polymers with other functional components to enhance detection capabilities, and a selection of application examples.
Embedded electronic boards are subjected to severe thermal environments, particularly in the aerospace, military, and space sectors. Temperature variations induce thermomechanical stresses in solder joints, leading to fatigue cracking. This article presents a comprehensive methodology for assessing the durability of such assemblies: microstructural analysis of solder joints, material characterization, and statistical lifetime modeling, including both analytical and numerical approaches.
This paper describes five examples of modulators integrated in lithium niobate, taken among the most representative, both in terms of their impact in applications and in terms of their architecture. It first studies Mach-Zehnder amplitude modulators, then double parallel modulators for complex formats combining phase and amplitude. It then addresses the case of the 2×2 active coupler, the switch and the polarization rotator. The Y-junction phase modulator widely deployed in inertial units based on fiber optic gyroscopes will be studied.
This paper describes the physical principles behind the technology for integrating electro-optical modulators into lithium niobate (LiNbO3) mainly by metal diffusion methods for confined light guiding. It gives the rules for designing optical modulation components to bring them to an industrial level. The paper places particular emphasis on the design of microwave electrodes allowing modulation bandwidths of several tens of GHz. The manufacturing processes are described and highlight both the possible options and the difficulties to overcome.
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