Article | REF: E330 V1

Frequency synthesis

Authors: Vincent GIORDANO, Enrico RUBIOLA

Publication date: November 10, 2002 | Lire en français

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3. Elementary operations and circuits

Synthesizers use a few elementary circuits to perform frequency transformations. In a complete device, these different circuits can be used together.

3.1 Frequency addition and subtraction

A mixer is a non-linear device that realizes the product of the signals present at its input ports (figure 8 ). When the frequency of these signals is ν ₁ and ν ₂ respectively, a voltage proportional to : $cos 2 π ν_{1} t \times cos 2 π ν_{2} t = \frac{1}{2} [cos 2 π (ν_{1} + ν_{2}) + cos 2 π (ν_{1} - ν_{2})]$

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Bibliography

References

(1) - RUTMAN (J.) - Characterization of Phase and Frequency Instabilities in Precision Frequency Sources : 15 years of Progress (Caractérisation des instabilités de phase et de fréquence : 15 ans de progrès) - . Proceedings of IEEE, 66, 9, 1048-1075 (sept. 1978).
(2)...