2. Miniaturization techniques

Numerous techniques have been devised to miniaturize existing antennas, with varying degrees of complexity and ingenuity, while maintaining the radiation characteristics of the original antenna within reasonable limits. However, this is not an easy task, and more often than not certain compromises have had to be made between size reduction and antenna performance.

These techniques have been applied to wire antennas (dipoles and monopoles), and to planar antennas (patch...). They are based on the following principles:

1) lower the resonant frequency for an antenna of given dimensions ;

2) use the entire space or volume surrounding the maximum size of an antenna;

3) ensure uniform current distribution over the antenna structure;

4) increase the number of modes radiated...