1. A technique with "exponential" development

1.1 Artificial intelligence, the flagship technology of the 21st century

The year 2024 may well go down as a special one in the history of the Nobel Prize. The winners of the prizes awarded by the prestigious Swedish Academy in the fields of physics and chemistry share a remarkable common feature: their pioneering work in using artificial intelligence techniques to solve complex scientific challenges.

• The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton. Hopfield is recognized for his invention of recurrent neural networks, which inspired major advances in machine learning. Hinton was rewarded for his work on unsupervised learning techniques, which have contributed to the development of modern artificial intelligence, notably...