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Nowadays, testing complex systems is not easy and the time allocated to validation teams is often considered too short. This article explains how to properly define, plan, track, and optimize the testing of complex systems. It falls within a systems engineering context. It describes the processes associated with the test and gives best practices. It proposes a test typology that facilitates the development of the test strategy. It addresses the issue of documentation and test management. It presents various optimization criteria to minimize test costs and risks during and at the end of the test.
Facial recognition, which relies on common methods of processing faces but whose uses differ depending on the legal framework, is a major component of artificial intelligence. This article offers a comparative analysis of its deployment in China, the United States and France. In China, it fuels mobile payments and social credit, promoting widespread surveillance despite the PIPL. In the United States, regulatory debates remain heated, as illustrated by the Trump administration's repeal of the Biden executive order. In France, the executive branch supports its expansion, despite reservations from the Defender of Rights. The central question remains: is a compromise between security and personal data protection possible?
Information retrieval covers many applications ranging from document retrieval using Boolean queries to the generation and extraction of precise answers to questions in natural language. It applies to text, images, and audio, and can be interactive, in the form of dialogues with a conversational agent. This article focuses on the crossing of information retrieval and generative AI, known as augmented (response) generation through information retrieval (RAG). RAG assists in the generation of responses from a large language model and information sources that may be private. Large language models and RAG architectures are presented (agentic RAG, GraphRAG, etc.), as are the many strategies that can be followed.
In the software context, the research for quality is the concern of all interested parties. However, the lack of time, the waltz of technological developments, and constraints of all kinds, seem to relegate quality aspirations to the rank of unattainable objectives and myths. Quality is not summary about customer satisfaction, and by extension, achievement of the requirement satisfaction of all partners involved in a project (users, decision-makers, organizers, buyers, project managers, designers, developers, testers, operators, etc.). In order to contribute to the improvement of quality in the intangible field of software, the international experts have agreed on a common basis that constitutes a standard-setting platform.
The different coprocessors/accelerators used to speed-up program execution of some applications are presented : NPU, GPU, FPGA, QPU. The hardware and software interfaces are discussed. While at least an order of magnitude performance improvement is needed for using an accelerator, a mature software SDK is a factor of success, as shown by GPU usage in supercomputers or data centers.
This article deals with both the law on algorithmic video surveillance and its possible perpetuation. Al and videoprotection, under the name VSA, gave rise to a 2023 law, intended to assure the security of the 2024 Olympic Games, on eight use cases. In 2025, the issues is the holders of the VSA public market, the tests, the evaluations, the possible perpetuation. Two points of view are opposed : that of the associations defending public freedoms, that of the interior minister: the choice is eminently political.
Software, an intangible object, exists only after it has been designed, manufactured and tested, before it is ready for use. A software object is subject to the notion of a life cycle.That is to say,it goes through a number of stages. Mastering this chain calls on methods, best practices and tools.The methodology deployed in this document is applied to each stage of the life cycle of a software project. Each stage includes a detailed description of : the business process used to carry out the activity; the structure of deliverables, with document templates. In addition to these realization processes, this file also includes detailed descriptions of two support processes: documented information; configuration management.
Quantum computing is a constantly expanding field. It is based on the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations. Unlike classical computers that use bits representing 0 or 1, quantum computers use qubits. Qubits can represent a 0 or a 1 but also a superposition of the two thanks to a quantum phenomenon called superposition. This particularity allows quantum computers to process much more information at the same time as classical computers. They will be able to solve problems that are currently insoluble by classical computers in a reasonable time. This article will allow you to understand the basic concepts of quantum computing as well as the most well-known algorithms.
This article describes the concepts of intelligent predictive maintenance in Industry 5.0. It begins by presenting the paradigm shift between Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0, initiated in 2020 by the European Commission to emphasize human-centered approaches, sustainability, and resilience. The methods and tools related to the prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) of equipment are described in detail. It identifies the contributions of AI, conversational agents, and the metaverse to predictive maintenance. Finally, it provides an overview of the applications in the industry, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, particularly from an ethical standpoint.
Hiding heterogeneity is one of the major challenges of modern computing technology; the number of software configurations is huge and it is impossible to develop an application for each of these specific configurations. Software virtualization provides an answer to this issue by uniformizing the access to the material, be it the access to the peripheral device or the central processor. Two computing technology sectors deal with virtualization; the operating system sector is in charge of hiding the heterogeneity of peripheral devices only and the virtual machine sector the heterogeneity of central processors.
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