1. Standards of the future (2020-2040)

The first phase of IT development (1960-1980) was built around large mainframe computers. These computers processed a few hundred data sources, with response times first expressed in months, then in weeks. This was the era of IBM domination.

The second phase (1980-2000) was characterized by the creation of islands of locally networked computers processing millions of data sources. Response times are expressed in weeks or days. These numerous, dispersed islands do not communicate easily with each other, and lack reliability. This is the era of Intel and Microsoft domination.

The current phase (2000-2020) is characterized by the use of multimedia data with billions of information sources. Thanks to global connectivity (figure 1...