4. The NSA's compromise of an ISO cryptographic standard

4.1 U.S. intelligence programs targeting cryptography

Since the late 1950s, numerous Five Eyes programs have been dedicated to attacking encryption systems—first government systems, then civilian ones—many of which rely on the concept of a backdoor, whether of a mathematical nature or related to implementation or management. From the Shamrock (domestic surveillance) and Minaret (foreign surveillance) projects to more recent initiatives—some of which were revealed by Edward Snowden in 2013—no fewer than 60 projects have been documented involving interception and cryptanalysis.

Figure 6...